My Time

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

Elliott Wave

Introduction

Elliott Wave Theory was developed by R.N. Elliott and popularized by Robert Prechter. This theory asserts that crowd behavior ebbs and flows in clear trends. Based on this ebb and flow, Elliott identified a certain structure to price movements in the financial markets. The article serves as a basic introduction to Elliott Wave Theory. A basic 5-wave impulse sequence and 3-wave corrective sequence are explained. While Elliott WaveTheory gets much more complicated than this 5-3 combination, this article will only focus on the very basics.

Wave Degrees



The labeling convention shown above is a hybrid between that shown in the Elliott Wave book and the Elliott tools from SharpCharts. In Elliott-speak, this labeling convention is used to identify the degree or level of the wave, which represents the size of the underlying trend. The upper case Roman numerals represent the large degree waves, the simple numbers represent the medium degree waves and the small-case Roman numerals represent the small degree waves. The trends start with the largest degree (Grand Supercycle) and work their way down to waves of lesser degree. For example, the Cycle wave is one larger degree than the Primary wave. Conversely, the Primary wave is one lesser degree than the Cycle wave.Wave 1 of (1) would indicate that Wave 1 is part of a larger degree Wave (1). Wave 1 is a lesser degree than Wave (1).

In reality, most chartists will only use 1 to 3 wave degrees on their charts. It can get quite complicated trying to apply nine Wave degrees or even just using the labeling convention in the order provided. Chartists using 1 to 3 wave degrees can simply label the highest degree waves with upper case Roman numerals (I,II,III,IV,V,a,b,c), the middle degree waves with numbers (1,2,3,4,5,A,B,C) and the lowest degree waves with lower case Roman numerals (i,ii,iii,iv,v,a.b,c). This provides three distinct groups for labeling various waves.

Basic Sequence
There are two types of waves: impulse and corrective. Impulse waves move in the direction of the larger degree wave. When the larger degree wave is up, advancing waves are impulsive and declining waves are corrective. When the larger degree wave is down, impulse waves are down and corrective waves are up. Impulse waves, also called motive waves, move with the bigger trend or larger degree wave. Corrective waves move against the larger degree wave.




The chart above shows a rising 5-wave sequence. The entire wave is up as it moves from the lower left to the upper right of the chart. Waves 1,3 and 5 are impulse waves because they move with the trend. Waves 2 and 4 are corrective waves because they move against this bigger trend. A basic impulse advance forms a 5-wave sequence.





A basic corrective wave forms with three waves, typically a, b and c. The chart below shows an abc corrective sequence. Notice that waves a and c are impulse waves (green). This is because they are in the direction of the larger degree wave. This entire move is clearly down, which represents the larger degree wave. Waves a and c move with the larger degree waveand are therefore impulse waves. Wave b, on the other hand, moves against the larger degree wave and is a corrective wave (red).





Combining a basic 5 wave impulse sequence with a basic 3 wave corrective sequence yields a complete Elliott Wave sequence, which is a total of 8 waves. According to Elliott, this complete sequence is divided into two distinct phases: the impulse phase and the corrective phase. The abc corrective phase represents a correction of the larger impulse phase.





These 8-wave charts show two larger degree waves (I and II) as well as the lesser degree waves within these larger degree waves. Waves 1-2-3-4-5 are one lesser degree than Wave I. By extension, Wave I is one larger degree than Waves 1-2-3-4-5. Waves a-b-c are one lesser degree than Wave II.

Fractal Nature
Elliott Wave is fractal. This means that wave structure for the GrandSuper Cycle is the same as for the minuette. No matter how big or small the wave degree, impulse waves take on a 5-wave sequence and corrective waves take on a 3-wave sequence. Any impulse wave subdivides into 5 smaller waves. Any corrective wave subdivides into three smaller waves. The charts below show the fractal nature of Elliott Wave in action.







Three Rules
Believe it or not, there are only three rules when it comes to interpreting Elliott Wave. There are many guidelines, but only three HARD rules. These are unbreakable. Guidelines, on the other hand, are bendable and subject to interpretation. Furthermore, these rules only apply to a 5-wave impulse sequence. Correction, which are much more complicated, are given more leeway when it comes to interpretation.

Rule 1: Wave 2 cannot retrace more than 100% of Wave 1.

Rule 2: Wave 3 can never be the shortest of the three impulse waves.

Rule 3: Wave 4 can never overlap Wave 1.





Wave 2 cannot move below the low of Wave 1. A break below this low would call for a re-count. Even though Wave 3 is typically the longest of the three impulse waves, there is a specific rule that it cannot be the shortest. 1 or 5 can be longer than Wave 3, but both cannot be longer than Wave 3. It is probably best to use percentages or log scales when measuring Wavelength. Elliott Wave indicates that Wave 3 must exceed the high of Wave 1. Failure to exceed this high would call for a re-count. Impulse moves are all about making progress. Failure to exceed the high of Wave 2 would not be making progress. The third, and final rule, is that Wave 4 cannot overlap Wave 1, which means the low of Wave 4 cannot exceed the high of Wave1. Such a violation would call for a re-count.

Three Guidelines
There are numerous guidelines, but this article will focus on three key guidelines. In contrast to rules, guidelines should hold true most of the time, not necessarily all of the time.

Guideline 1: When Wave 3 is the longest impulse wave, Wave 5 will approximately equal Wave 1.

Guideline 2: The forms for Wave 2 and Wave 4 will alternate. If Wave 2 is a sharp correction, Wave 4 will be a flat correction. If Wave 2 is flat, Wave 4 will be sharp.

Guideline 3: After a 5-wave impulse advance, corrections (abc) usually end in the area of prior Wave 4 low.




The first guideline is useful for targeting the end of Wave 5. Even though Wave 5 could be longer than Wave 3 and Wave 3 could still be longer than Wave 1, chartists can make initialWave 5 projections once Wave 4 ends. In a larger uptrend, chartists simply apply the length of Wave 1 (percentage change) to the low of Wave 4 for an upside target. The opposite is true for a 5-wave decline. The percentage decline in Wave 1 would be applied to the high of Wave 4 for a Wave 5 estimate.

The guideline of alternation (2) is useful for determining the time of correction for Wave 4. After a sharp decline for Wave 2, chartists can expect a relatively flat correction for Wave 4. IfWave 2 is relatively flat, then chartists can expect a relatively sharp Wave 4. In practice, Wave 2 tends to be a rather sharp wave that retraces a large portion of Wave 1. Wave 4 comes after an extended Wave 3. This Wave 4 marks more of a consolidation that lays the groundwork for a Wave 5 trend resumption.

The third guideline is useful for estimating the end of a Wave II correction after a Wave I advance. Waves I and II are the larger degree waves. Waves 1-2-3-4-5 are lesser degree waves within Wave I. Once the Wave II correction unfolds, chartists can estimate its end by looking at the end of the prior wave 4 (lesser degree wave 4). In a larger degree uptrend, Wave II would be expected to bottom near the low of lesser degree Wave 4. In a larger degree downtrend, Wave II would be expected to peak near the high of lesser degree Wave 4.

Conclusions
Even though this article just scratches the surface of Elliott Wave Theory, chartists can greatly improve their counting by applying the three rules and three guidelines listed. Elliott Wavecounts start with a process of elimination. Apply the rules for the first count attempt and then the guidelines on the second. Eliminating bogus counts paves the way to a more accurate count. Even with accurate counts, chartists will still need to re-evaluate and adjust counts as new price information emerges. It is just the nature of the beast.
SharpCharts


The Elliott Wave Tool on SharpCharts can be used to make wave counts. This tool is marked with the Roman numeral I set in double parens at the top of the Chartnotes page, which appears when annotating a SharpChart. Click on the icon to see the wave degree options. Click one of the options to select a particular degree. Once selected, chartists can then move to Wave 1 and click to mark this wave. Move to Wave 2 and click to mark. This click-mark action will last as long as you keep clicking. Once the waves are marked on the chart, users can use the "selection tool" to move current marking about the chart or click-delete to remove. The "selection tool" is the pointer the upper left corner of the annotation window.


AUD/USD ? Higher after Solid Australian Trade Balance




AUD/USD continues this week’s upward trend, as the Australian Trade Balance, a key indicator easily beat expectations. The Australian dollar was up on the news, as AUD/USD was trading in the high-1.04 range in Wednesday’s European session. Australian HIA New Home Sales did not look nearly as sharp, dropping to a six-month low. In the US, the markets will be hoping for some good news as two key events are released later today – ADP Non-Farm Employment Change and ISM Non-Manufacturing PMI.

The Aussie has had a good week, and continued to improve against its US counterpart as the Trade Balance deficit narrowed nicely in the March release. The indicator came in with a very small deficit of 0.18 billion dollars, its best showing since August 2012. This easily beat the estimate of a deficit of 1.00 billion. The Australian currency managed to shrug off weak housing data, as HIA New Home Sales declined sharply, falling 5.3%. This was the indicator’s first decline since October 2012. AIG Services Index will be released later on Wednesday.
US releases were a bust last week, with poor data across a range of sectors, including housing and employment. The new week did not start well, as the ISM Manufacturing PMI dropped sharply from 54.2 points to 51.3 points, way below the estimate of 54.2 points. If this week continues in a downward trend, we could see a negative reaction from the markets. The markets will be hoping for a turnaround on Wednesday, as the US releases key employment and PMI numbers.
The Cyprus bailout agreement may have been signed, but the drama continues and questions remain. Strict capital controls are still in place in Cyprus in order to prevent a run on the banks. Under the agreement, bank deposits below EUR1000,000 are safe, but larger accounts with the Bank of Cyprus will be facing a haircut of up to 60%. An amount of 37.5% of these deposits will be converted into bank shares, and up to 22.5% more could be grabbed in order to prop up the Bank of Cyprus' reserves. This steep tax is expected to have a strong negative impact on the country's business sector, and the government has admitted that the country is in recession. In order to help the ailing economy, the government plans to lift a ban on casinos and provide tax exemptions on business profits that are reinvested on the island. President Nicos Anastasiades has acknowledged that the bailout agreement is a bitter pill for Cypriots, but said that refusing the agreement would have meant the collapse of the banking sector and could have led to Cyprus' exit from the Eurozone.

AUD/USD for Monday, April 3, 2013
Forex Rate Graph 21/1/13

AUD/USD continues to edge higher, as the pair has climbed up to the 1.0480 range. The proximate resistance and support levels remain intact (R1 and S1 above). On the upside, 1.0497 is providing resistance. This is a weak line, and could be tested by the rising Aussie. This is followed by resistance at 1.0568, which has held firm since late January. The pair is receiving support at 1.0424. This is followed by a support level at 1.0334.
Current range: 1.0424 to 1.0497
Further levels in both directions:

Below: 1.0424, 1.0334, 1.0230, 1.0174 and 1.0080
Above: 1.0497, 1.0568, 1.0605, 1.0697 and 1.0753
OANDA’s Open Position Ratios
The AUD/USD ratio is not showing any movement in Wednesday trading. This is not reflected in the current movement of the pair, as the Australian dollar has been posting modest gains against the US currency. The ratio is closely split between long and short positions. This indicates that trader sentiment is divided as to what direction we will see from the pair.
The Aussie continues to make inroads against the US dollar, as the 1.05 level is now in sight. Will the upward momentum continue? The US releases some key numbers later today, and the BOJ begins an important policy meeting on Thursday. So we could see further activity from the pair as the week progresses.

AUD/USD Fundamentals

00:00 Australian HIA New Home Sales. Actual -5.3%
00:30 Australian Trade Balance. Estimate -1.00B. Actual -0.18B
12:15 US ADP Non-Farm Employment Change. Estimate 203K
14:00 US ISM Non-Manufacturing PMI. Estimate 55.9 points
14:30 US Crude Oil Inventories. Estimate 1.8M
21:00 US FOMC Member James Bullard Speaks



Tuesday, April 2, 2013

澳联储维持利率不变 澳元刷新日内高点

澳洲联储公布利率决议,维持3.00%的基准利率不变,不过再度表示必要时仍有降息空间,澳元美元在决议公布后一度小幅回落,不过此后快速走高,现已刷新日内高点1.0478。

此前市场普遍预计,若澳洲联储放弃采用未来有必要时进一步宽松的措辞,市场会很快打消对澳洲联储进一步降息的押注。然而结果显示,澳洲联储依然没有那么“大胆”。不过受近期中国和澳洲经济表现不俗影响,澳元依然有所走高。

澳洲联储在决议中称,通胀表现基本与目标水平相符,必要时仍有降息空间。有迹象显示大幅放宽政策正对经济产生影响。

对于经济,澳洲联储强调,全球经济增长面临的下行风险降低。中国经济以较快速度取得增长。非资源行业料将温和增长。信贷需求仍然很低。资源投资接近峰值,其他领域的投资存在增长空间。

在决议公布后,澳元兑美元小幅回调,不过此后迅速企稳,美元指数则徘徊日内低点82.51附近,其他货币对反应较为平淡。

近期澳洲经济表现较为优异,此前的货币刺激政策已经令澳洲非矿业行业的复苏势头持续加快。消费者信心复苏,而在连续两年的房价下跌过后,地产市场已经显露生机,零售行业也比过去更为强势。就业方面,澳大利亚2月经季调后就业人口增加7.15万人,增幅远远超出预期的0.9万人。

可以说,近期一系列利好的经济数据使经济学家和交易商们弱化了未来澳洲联储进一步降息的预期,甚至部分经济学家预计澳洲联储将在年底前加息。

汇丰银行(HSBC)首席经济学家Paul Bloxham表示,“澳洲联储降息过程已经完成,预计可能会开启加息周期。”该分析师还指出,预计澳洲联储将在2013年第四季度加息。

就目前澳元走势看,加不加息姑且不论,但澳洲经济的持续向好显然令市场对澳洲联储未来降息的预期有所消退,这种转变显然将对澳元短线走势构成明显提振。

技术面上,澳元兑美元支撑位在200日移动均值1.0385,之后是1.0350/55,此为1.0116-1.0497走势间38.2%的回档位。关键阻力位在1.0500略前方。

Saturday, March 30, 2013

Warren Buffett can’t understand why his investment strategy isn’t copied more often

And now for another nugget from Warren Buffett’s talk with MBA students at Richard Ivey School of Business (based on notes from market folly).

Why haven’t more people copied his investment strategy? Buffett replies:

I don’t know! It’s not about high IQ. It just seems not to resonate with some people and talking about it or showing them the performance/results won’t help. They just don’t feel good about it. I am also puzzled by why value investing hasn’t caught on. I mean, what other type of investing is there? You want something other than value? But the things is, people just don’t want to believe. They elect things that are emotionally satisfying.Even if you show them the results, they still don’t believe you. However, eventually proof comes through results.

So what is value investing? It involves techniques like looking for low price-to-earnings ratios, but basically it comes down to a philosophy. Says Buffett:

Value investors are not concerned with getting rich tomorrow. People who want to get rich quickly, will not get rich at all. There is nothing wrong with getting rich slowly. Remember we both sleep on the same mattress and eat the same food.

Buffett also discussed the moment he realized getting rich would be easy, why college isn’t for everyone, and why he would never live in New York City.

沃特・施洛斯(Walter Schloss)and Pricing Power than Management

纽约的基金经理人沃特・施洛斯(Walter Schloss)有两个让人印象深刻的地方,一个是他算得上在投资领域中工作最长的人——近半个世纪;另一个是在其工作的时间里,与标准普尔500指数不到10%的增长率相比,施洛斯为股东带来了平均20%多的年复合收益率,这是一个非常优秀的业绩。

施洛斯最早的投资可以追溯到1934年,那时他只有18岁,他就在华尔街上开始投资。1935年,施洛斯向一位名叫阿蒙德・俄普夫的合伙人请教如何走进“统计世界”,这位合伙人说,有个叫本杰明・格雷厄姆的人刚刚出版了一本《证券分析》。他说:“读这本书吧,如果你掌握了它说的一切就不必看别的了。”于是施洛斯从那一年起到1940年进入纽约证券交易学院,师从格雷厄姆。后来,他干脆辞去工作,效力于格雷厄姆。1946年施洛斯加盟格雷厄姆-纽曼公司。施洛斯工作的重点就是潜心寻找价格低于营运资本的股票。施洛斯通过系统研究,发现格雷厄姆-纽曼公司的经营状况非常优异。在1936-1946年10年中,美国股市总体趋势是下跌的,比如标普工业指数下跌了0.6%,而格雷厄姆-纽曼公司的年平均收益率却高达11.8%。特别是1942-1945年4年中,标普工业指数上升了26%,而格雷厄姆-纽曼公司的年平均收益率也同步上升了26.3%。

施洛斯第一次出现在人们的视野里是在1971年。当时亚当・史密斯在《超级金钱》一书中介绍了巴菲特和他谈论有关沃特・施洛斯的事迹之后,对施洛斯做了这样一番的描述:他从来不运用或接触有用的资讯。在华尔街几乎没有人认识他,所以没有人提供他有关投资的观念。他只参考手册上的数字,并要求企业寄年报给他,情况便是如此。当把沃特介绍他们认识时,巴菲特曾经说施洛斯“从来没有忘记自己是在管理别人的资金,这进一步强化了他对于风险的厌恶。”史密斯写道,沃特有高尚的品格.并以务实的态度自持。对他来说.金钱是真实的,股票也真实的——并从此而接受了“安全边际”的原则。沃特的投资组合极为分散,目前拥有的股票远越过100支。他了解如何选股,将价格远低于其价值者出售给私人投资者。这便是他所做的一切。他不担心目前是不是一月份,不在乎今天是不是星期一,也不关心今年是不是大选年。他的想法非常单纯,如果某家公司值一美元,若我能够以40美分买进,我迟早会获利。他便是如此不断地行动:他所持有的股票种类远比巴菲特的多,而且比巴菲特更不关心企业的本质;巴菲特对沃特似乎没有太大的影响力。这是他的长处之—,没有人能够对他产生足够的影响力。

第二次施洛斯出现在人们的视野里是在1984年。当时沃伦・巴菲特在哥伦比亚大学发表题为《格雷厄姆-多德都市里的超级投资者们》的著名演讲,举的第一个例子就是施洛斯。早在学生时代,巴菲特就在哥伦比亚大学遇见施洛斯,那时施洛斯是参加了格雷厄姆的夜间课程。后来两人一起在格雷厄姆-纽曼工作。有一次巴菲特前往新泽西参加一家格雷厄姆持有股份的公司年会,而同样在格雷厄姆-纽曼公司工作的沃特・施洛斯刚好也在那里。他们开始交谈,一起吃中饭,从此成为好友。巴菲特说沃特没有上过大学,但他在纽约金融学院选修了本・格雷厄姆教授的夜间课程。1955年离开了格雷厄姆—纽曼公司,在其后28年中,他取得了优秀的投资业绩记录。巴菲特回忆他和施洛斯的往事,亚当・史密斯就是经他介绍采访施洛斯的。后来史密斯将施洛斯的事迹写进了《超级金钱》。

当施洛斯第三次出现在人们的视野里是在2001年。当时哥伦比亚大学商学院著名教授布鲁斯・格林威尔在《价值投资:从格雷厄姆到巴菲特》中花了整整一个章节介绍施洛斯。格林威尔称施洛斯是“极简抽象主义者”。说他的办公室很简陋,从来不访问客户,很少谈管理理念,不和分析师交流,也不上网,不会被说服做他不愿意做的事,甚至和别人谈话时,也要限制时间。他只相信自己的分析,长期以来遵循他的惯例:只买便宜的股票。这一方法使得他几乎专注于研究上市公司每个季度发布的财务报告。施洛斯的投资策略就是“买便宜的”。这里的便宜是指相对于价值的价格。施洛斯最注意的就是价格下跌的股票。最好的情况就是股票能下跌到2年或3年来的最低点,而通常是大多数投资者最不能容忍的事,大多数投资者只注意大家都看好的股票。

施洛斯只买股票,既不会投资于金融衍生工具,也不会购买股指或者商品,更不会卖空——他曾经卖空过,并且从中赚了钱,然而这种经历却令人不快。他绝不会试图控制市场,尽管他会借助市场来知道到底那只股票更便宜。当他找到一只便宜的股票时,他甚至会在他分析研究完成之前就把它买下来,而事实上,他对很多公司都有一个很基本的了解,他还通过价值线或标普指南迅速浏览这家公司的财务状况。施洛斯认为,要想真正了解一只股票,唯一的办法就是去购买它。由于他持有的时间一般是4至5年,因此他有足够的时间来进一步了解这家公司。他会继续查看季度报表,当然也不会忽略价格波动,甚至是每股2美分的收益或损失。施洛斯所关注的公司通常不处于那些变化快的行业,因此他可以原地不动的等待着。这就是格林威尔所说的“极简抽象主义”。

施洛斯的儿子名叫埃德温,埃德温是施洛斯好助手,他完全秉承他父亲的投资原则,因此父子俩同心同德。但是埃德温认为他也非常容易犯错误。这就是首次往往买进太多,以至于当价格进一步滑落时无法再买进。如果他首次买进后,价格不再进一步下跌,那么他的决策就是正确的。但是许多时候事与愿违,当然他也总有机会能够将平均成本降低,即以更低的价格进一步买进。因为父子俩久经沙场,他们不相信市场会与他们背道而驰,他们坚信价格是会回升的。当几十年的良好收益证实了他们的睿智时,谦虚就逐渐转为自信。

施洛斯是一位优秀的基金管理人,他对他的客户始终忠贞不渝。在基金没有获利的年份,施洛斯为了将支出控制在最低水平,甚至取消了自己应得的管理报酬。施洛斯说:“如果我的工作没有做好,就不应该获得报酬。”对此,巴菲特由衷地赞叹施洛斯说:“我想施洛斯的经营方式为我们所有人都上了深刻的一课(芒格已经领会其中的要义)。施洛斯持有所罗门兄弟公司的股票有一年之久,收益显著,而正是这只股票令伯克希尔不得不开动‘不可或缺号’(指巴菲特的私人飞机)的引擎,载着我往返于纽约和奥马哈之间穷于应付。”在施洛斯的股东里,有的股东的父母就曾是他的股东,有的甚至三代都是他的股东。他们当中的许多人算不上是有钱人,因此他们把钱投放在施洛斯的公司里,对于他们来说是非常重要的。这也是为什么施洛斯下定决心不辱使命的原因。不过,有意思的是,施洛斯就是不愿意向股东们透露他所买的股票名称,因为他所投资的通常都是一些拿不出手的股票。这使得人们不能在鸡尾酒会或者是其他什么地方可以吹嘘一下。

1994年,在纽约金融协会举办的格雷厄姆诞辰100周年的纪念仪式上,巴菲特和施洛斯进行了一次亲密的谈话。巴菲特说,格雷厄姆觉得任何形式都是一种欺骗,例如召开只有高层管理人员参加的会议,却将个人投资者排除在外。然而巴菲特倾向于进行“善意的欺骗”,但是在这方面施洛斯却是保守分子。在过去几年里,施洛斯的确已经取得了不俗的投资记录。施洛斯不喜欢跟管理层谈话或者与人们进行过多的交流,是因为他曾经亲眼目睹了格雷厄姆向一个投资商透漏了一只股票后,当他回到办公室时,那只股票上涨得他都无法购买。施洛斯相信,相对而言,股票更容易打交道,因为它不会和你争论,不会有情绪,你也不需要把它紧紧握在手中。他说,如今的巴菲特是个非同寻常的家伙,因为他不仅是位优秀的分析师,还是优秀的推销员,是一位有着卓越判断能力的人,这些特质是非同寻常的组合。施洛斯坚信,如果他打算收购某人的公司,巴菲特第二天肯定会退出。但有时施洛斯会觉得对巴菲特的性格或其他因素判断失误,抑或是施洛斯可能自己觉得没有意识到,巴菲特的确是由于不喜欢这一公司,真的想出售该公司才放弃的。当买下某家公司后,巴菲特会放手让公司原来的管理层继续经营该公司,这也是一个特殊的显著的特点。

施洛斯最大的“缺点” 是喜欢拥有大量的股票,最多时会有100只,不过往往最大的20只股票占了大约60%的份额。有时候他甚至会使用60%的资金来购买单只股票,这样的集中度一般是罕见的。巴菲特并不赞成他的这些做法,但是施洛斯说他无法控制自己。施洛斯说,“你必须做一些令自己觉得开心的事情,即使这些事情可能并不像巴菲特所从事的事情那样有利可图,毕竟巴菲特是独一无二的。”施洛斯拥有这么多的股票,其实其中某一单一股票的风险并不显著,他试图根据资产而非收益来买进被低估的股票。依据资产而非收益进行判断,使施洛斯的投资活动得到了改善,因为收益容易发生变动。巴菲特坚持自己的观点,认为施洛斯拥有数不清的证券,是“二手雪茄烟蒂”的投资方法:你找到了这些充分燃烧、只剩烟蒂的雪茄,它们是免费的,你把它们捡起来,还可以抽上一口。但任何事物都是有价的。巴菲特说,“最近施洛斯罕见地说他要买一根‘新雪茄’,但他是在削价处理时买的。”

施洛斯在另一场合这样评价巴菲特;“从来都没有人能做到像他那样……因为要使公司实现持续的增长是非常困难的,也许有一天他会用它(伯克希尔)吞并加拿大。”关于伯克希尔公司居高不下的股价,施洛斯认为把只有发行在外的公司股票数量乘以股价之后得到的市值,再与其他收入和资产规模都较小的市值进行比较才是明智的,“但遗憾的是,人们通常并不考虑他们打算买进股票的那个公司的市值,他们仅仅关注每股价格而不是公司的价值。”

施洛斯就是这样,他有自己独立的思考。实际上在1980年代以前,巴菲特基本上就是实施这种投资策略的。当然,后来巴菲特又揉进了菲利普・费雪的成长投资策略,这也不能说明巴菲特就是错误的或者是“背叛”了,这只是两个人的投资风格不同而已。施洛斯从格雷厄姆那里学到了买入廉价股的策略,坚持五十年不动摇,却从未想去改变它,而且任凭时光的流逝、风云的变幻,任何人也不能对他施以影响,从这一点上说,他确实是格雷厄姆最忠实的信徒。

The Danger With Warren Buffett’s Strategy

Recently, Warren Buffett announced that US stocks were very cheap and that he was buying aggressively again. Should you as an investor blindly jump in and take the cue from the world’s greatest investor and one of the world’s richest man? Yes and no. It all depends.

First let me say that I am one of Warren Buffett’s biggest fans and admirers. Studying his strategy of buying high good quality companies at huge discounts to intrinsic value has made me a lot of money in the last 10 years. He is known as the world’s greatest investor and has achieved an amazing track record. However, I have found that following his strategy ALONE can be very dangerous to most small time investors. Let me explain.

When Warren Buffet invests in a stock, he only focuses on the company’s fundamentals. This means that he looks for companies with a good business model, consistent earnings growth, competitive advantage, low debt and good management. He buys as long as the company’s current stock price is selling BELOW the true value of the stock (intrinsic value). He does NOT study the price pattern on the stock chart at all (known as technical analysis). He also does NOT take into account macroeconomic data like interest rates employment and inflation data.

Why does he do this? The reason is because when Buffett buys a stock, his minimum holding period is 10 years. So he does not care about the short and medium term trends that you can see from a stock chart. However, by using technical analysis, we can see if the stock price is on a downtrend or on an uptrend. When a stock is on an uptrend, it means the market psychology is optimistic and prices tend to move higher (upward momentum). When a stock is on a downtrend, it means the market is pessimistic and prices tend to go lower (downward momentum). The danger is that when a stock is on a downtrend, you do not know how low it can go. A cheap stock can become EVEN CHEAPER. In a downtrend, ALL stocks go down, both good and bad companies. No matter how good or cheap a stock is, a downtrend will always send it lower.

Warren Buffett does not take this into account at all. Can you follow his style? Yes! However, you may buy a stock on a downtrend that goes 20%-50% lower before eventually rising years later. If you are prepared to hold for 10 years and not less, then no problem. However, if you want to achieve higher returns in months and not 10 years, it makes sense to combine Buffett’s fundamental investing methods with technical analysis strategies used by other gurus like George Soros & Victor Sperandeo. Technical analysis helps you to better time your entry. While technical analysis is not 100% full-proof and while you can never buy right at the bottom and sell right at the top, it certainly improves your chances to buy NEAR the bottom, at the beginning of an uptrend and to sell NEAR the top, at the beginning of a downtrend.

When I started combining technical analysis strategies with Buffett’s value investing approach, I found that I have been able to make more money in a shorter period of time. At the same time, when stocks went on a downtrend, I was able to get out earlier and not see my investments fall 20%-60% before it would come back years later!

Let me give an example with a stock that has made me alot of money… Goodpack, listed in Singapore. Goodpack is a very good company that passes all of Buffett’s investment criteria (consistent earnings, low debt, competitive advantage, good management). This stock has an intrinsic value of $2.20+. In Wealth Academy, I teach my students how to determine intrinsic value using a discounted cash flow method.

Look at Chart X below. If you just purely use Buffett’s method of value investing (buying a good company when it is undervalued), you may have invested at point A, when the price is $1.60. It is definitely undervalued. However, what happened? 6 months later, the stock price went to $0.60 because of continued bad market sentiment. A cheap stock became EVEN CHEAPER! As a pure buffett follower, you would just hold for the long term. Sure enough, 1.5 years later, the price went back to $1.60. You had to wait 1.5 years just to break even!!! 6 months later, you would have made a profit when the price went to $2.20 (the intrinsic value). There is nothing wrong with this method except that it takes too long to make money.
CHART X
Now, look at Chart Y below. Using technical analysis, you would know that you should never buy on a downtrend. You must always wait for the price trend to REVERSE into an uptrend before buying. When a stock is on a downtrend, you never know how low it can go. This is driven by emotional psychology of fear and greed. A stock is on a confirmed downtrend when it breaks below the 200 Day moving average (the red line) and confirms a reversal into an uptrend when it subsequently breaks above the same 200 Day moving average.
CHART Y

If you had known this, you would never have bought at $1.60 when it was on a downtrend. You would wait for the trend to reverse into an uptrend and buy at the NEW POINT A, when the price is $1. Immediately you would have ridden the uptrend all the way up to the top at $2.30. You would have locked in profits and sold when the price cut the 200 day MA & reversed back into a downtrend at $1.90 (NEW POINT B). This would have given you a 90% return in just 15 months!

This is why in my Wealth Academy boot camp, I do not just teach Warren Buffett’s value investing strategy. Instead, Conrad and I teach our students ALL THE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES used by top investors & traders like George Soros, Victor Sperandeo, William O Neil, Philip Fisher and John Paulson. To be a successful investor, you have to learn fundamental analysis, technical analysis, Macroeconomics and sector rotation. When you combine the very best strategies of many investment experts, you take their best ideas and leave out their individual shortcomings.

Just to give you another example of why you should not follow Buffett’s methods blindly. In October 2008, He announced to the press that he was buying American stocks. What he did not know was that stocks were STILL ON A DOWNTREND.
What happened? Stock prices continued to decline 30% over the next 5 months!
So, although Buffett is bravely buying stocks now (i.e. August 2011), I would suggest that you wait for the downtrend to reverse into an uptrend first before you enter the market. In my coming Wealth Academy programmes, this is exactly what I will be teaching my students. Although stocks ARE very cheap now (undervalued), they can become much much cheaper if the downtrend persists!

Another interesting point to note is that Buffett achieved his best stock market performance and made the majority of his money during the 1970s to 2000. At that time, the stock market was on a secular bull market with minor corrections along the way. See chart below.
However, over the last 10 years (and the time to come), stock markets have become extremely volatile, as recessions and crashes get shorter and shorter. Over the last 10 years, we went through the Dotcom crash, 911, Gulf War, Subprime mortgage crisis, Euro debt crisis, Japanese earthquake etc… Look at the chart from the last 10 years below.
Dow Jones 2000-2011
Merely buying and holding stocks may not maximize your returns. In Wealth Academy, Conrad and I teach our students how to use technical analysis to enter only at beginning of major uptrends and to exit at the beginning of major downtrends so they do not have to suffering and hold onto losing positions for years. In this way, they truly maximize their returns.

If you were to just buy and hold over the last 10 years WITHOUT paying attention to the stock chart trends, you would have made only 20% return over 10 years. See chart Z below.
Chart Z
However, if you had entered ONLY during uptrends and exited when downtrends began, you would have made a 55% return in 4 years and another 20% return in 1 year. See chart M below.
Chart M

惠理基金主席谢清海:做亚洲的巴菲特

惠理基金(Value Partner)是香港首家上市的基金公司,近10年来,惠理基金所管理基金的年均复合净回报率尚未低于20%。金融危机期间,欧美系基金纷纷遭遇赎回,惠理基金凭借其作为上市公司的监管透明维系了大量长期投资者,旗下管理资产即使在去年最坏的四季度仍维持在30亿美元以上,今年9月底管理资产规模已恢复至46亿美元的正常水平。日前,证券时报记者走访了惠理基金的掌舵者谢清海。

逆向投资的投资策略

在香港,谢清海被誉为“亚洲的巴菲特”,这跟他与股神巴菲特拥有同样的价值投资原则不无关系。谢清海表示,惠理基金20年来始终秉持“自下而上逆向投资”的投资原则。“与按照宏观经济—行业发展—行业个股自上而下的选股方式不同,惠理擅长自下而上的选股方式,因此不会特别关注哪个行业,而是更看重公司本身。”

谢清海表示:“成功运用逆向投资原则需要七项技能。第一是选择的原创性。中国概念股至少7000只,可分为被低估的、正常估价的和高估的。如今被媒体广泛报道的往往为后两类,而我们关注的被低估的股票大约只有5%的比例;同时,会避开大多投资者研究和关注的大城市,去偏远地区如西部地区,寻找优秀的有潜力的公司进行投资;另外,不盲目趋同市场走势,在市场好时趋于谨慎,市场差时反而敢于冒险。”谢清海原创性投资策略一个众所周知的例子就是比亚迪,在巴菲特持股比亚迪而吸引众多香港投资者纷纷跟风买入时,谢清海就以6.26亿元的丰厚获利见好就收。

第二是调查研究。谢清海的投资方式与其做记者的经历相关。曾在《亚洲华尔街日报》及《远东经济评论》做财经记者的谢清海,在从事新闻工作的时候就十分擅长对上市公司进行调查性报道,这些经验成就了谢清海对于投资价值的敏感性。“在选择公司的过程中,我们坚持3Right,有潜力的行业(Rightbusiness)、出色的管理层(Rightpeople)以及合适的购买价格(Rightprice),而这一定需要前期充分的调查研究。”谢清海如是说。“我们使用的是传统的价值投资的调研方法,即格雷厄姆和多德的传统调研法。”

第三是做正确的决定。谢清海透露,他的投资错误率达到了33%,占三分之一,但是有三分之一的决定是正常的,三分之一的决定是明智的,而这已足够让惠理取得优秀的投资业绩。截至10月底,旗下旗舰基金惠理价值基金A系列的增幅达69.1%,而此基金从1993年成立迄今的累计涨幅达到惊人的1623.4%,而同期的恒生指数涨幅仅为300.9%。无论是在1997年的亚洲金融海啸,SARS肆虐期间还是横扫全球的金融危机,惠利基金在遭遇大批赎回压力的同时,依然能保持稳定增长。根据惠理上半年年报,其管理资产规模净增幅为26%。

第四是交易结构。谢清海在其投资组合中大量运用PIPES(上市公司私募股权融资)方式,目前已通过这种方法持有四五十家在港或新加坡上市的公司股份,从而大大提高了效率并降低了成本。“现在我们基本不在股票市场上买股票,而是和上市公司直接协商以折扣价购买可转换债券等,债券持有人实质上就是公司的股东。”谢清海说,“这有利于我们回归真正的价值核心,我们希望做一个公司的股东,这使我们更关心公司的经营前景和管理层。”

其他三个原则分别为执行、维护和继续调研。

基金公司上市有得有失

作为首家在香港上市的基金公司,当初的上市是迫于还债压力,而谢清海也用“一个严重的错误”来形容当初引进J.H.Whitney等战略投资者的策略。“由于这个错误,我最少损失了10亿美元,”谢清海以后悔的口吻告诉记者,“而我们上市也是为了还清上述战略投资者的债务。”

基金公司的运作方式本属行业机密,而且公开市场融资对以“代客理财”为主业的基金公司而言属于多余,因此基金公司鲜有上市。谢清海在1995年先后引入两家美国私人公司的战略投资者,后来,两家战略投资者通过2007年惠理上市套现了手中大部分的股权,而惠理公司本身并没有在IPO中进行融资。自此,惠理的投资路径和资产变动都已大白天下,成为其他资产管理公司的参照标准。

但是,谢清海表示,上市对基金公司来说并非一无是处,而是起到了不可估量的作用。最明显的就是去年金融海啸期间,在众多金融机构失去投资者信任的情况下,惠理基金以透明的财务状况以及投资策略赢得了广大投资者的信任,谢清海表示,客户的信任成功帮助公司业绩在今年年初以来开始稳定增长,期间并没有出现投资者的大批赎回。而今年上半年公司也成功取得36%的基金整体资产加权的骄人业绩,高于同期恒生指数30.4%的涨幅。

打造亚太区价值投资圣地

谢清海毫不掩饰自己的金融帝国梦想:“我们希望把惠理打造成亚太区金融市场的价值投资圣地。由于在资本市场筹集了大量的资本,使我们有足够的实力进行扩张。”

今年11月,美国投资管理公司(AMG)通过旗下全资附属公司AKHHoldingsLLC,共斥资3600万美元购买惠理集团5%的股权,共计8082.8万股。今年8月,惠理以2235万港元的作价出售旗下全资附属公司盛宝资产管理香港有限公司50%的股权,以借此发展涵盖在港交所上市的H股,红筹股以及民企股的ETF,并将于港交所进行买卖。这一标的最终被中国平安获得。谢清树表示:“与平安合作的目标是希望透过盛宝香港,在中国内地、香港以及海外市场分销交易所买卖基金产品,并能为我们下一步在中国内地以及台湾的扩张奠定战略基础。”

Warren Buffett's Secret Formula and Valuation Analysis


Buffett Stock Value Formula: Free Cash Flow / Risk Free Rate

Warren Buffett's formula was never published; however, from our research and Warren Buffett's hints over the years, this formula seems to be the most likely candidate. WikiWealth actually uses this formula in all our research reports in conjunction with Buffett's qualitative assessments of value. The numerator for this equation is found on the DCF valuation for each individual stock. It's NOPAT + Depreciation - CapEx - Net Working Capital Change. The risk free rate is the US treasury rate, a standard risk free measurement.

What we know about Warren Buffett’s approach:

1. His formula is simple. He can compute it within 5 seconds, in his head.
2. He uses both quantitative (formulaic) and qualitative (management incentives and ethics).

Why does Buffett use the risk free rate?

The risk free rate best matches Buffett’s perceived investment risk. The risk free rate incorporates inflation and a small premium to entice people to own a government investment versus just owning cash. The risk free rate naturally excludes the risk of default. The US treasury bill is considered risk free, because the US government is perceived as very strong and unlikely to default, contrary to popular political beliefs.

Risk free rate vs. the WACC?

The WACC (weighted average cost of capital) is important for businesses with many different risk factors. Buffett does not invest in these types of companies, because risks are difficult to quantify. To illustrate, Warren Buffett made a mistake investing in the banking sector before the great recession. The risk he did not anticipate was the global collapse of the financial sector due to a drop in housing prices and the securitization market. This was a black swam event, so it was unanticipated. Usually, he only invests in companies with zero (or low) risk factors, according to his statements to that affect.

Why does Buffett use the free cash flow of the business?

Free cash flow is the most important part of this analysis. The more cash a business generates, the higher the value of the business. Earnings would be a great measure if they were a reliable estimate of a businesses cash flow. Unfortunately, earnings are a very corrupt measurement. How often do actual earnings per share beat estimated earnings per share every quarter like clockwork? Manipulation. Cash flow is much harder to manipulate.

Why is his formula superior to complicated valuation models?

In essence, the fewer assumptions an investor makes, the fewer the mistakes. Buffett can afford to make fewer assumptions, because he only chooses certain companies, which pass his qualitative test of value. WikiWealth’s model imitates Buffett's qualitative test and uses his simple formula to find great investments. WikiWealth's discounted cash flow models use thousands of assumptions. The benefit for a complicated valuation model is they are far more robust, which means they can determine the value or a wider range of investments.

Buffett’s Critique of Beta?

Traditional finance says that quick movements in a stock's price increase risk and decrease the value of that investment. Higher risks decrease stock prices; this is well known and understood, but what is risk? For example, if a stock quickly drops in price, the riskiness of that investment greatly increases. Warren Buffett says that if an investment decreases in price, it automatically becomes less risky and inversely more valuable. WikiWealth agrees with this conclusion.

Buffett’s Critique of Stock Splits?

Stock splits are mostly irrelevant in terms of a stock's value. The only benefit of a stock split is for individual investors who can not purchase a whole share of a stock, like Berkshire Hathaway. A split makes individual shares cheaper, but has no influence on the company value. Some of the disadvantages of stock splits include expenses related to the voting and distribution of those shares. Any additional work, with no additional value is an expense. Splits should be avoided.

Why does Wikiwealth modify the formula?

The short answer is to include interest expense in the equation. We aren’t sure of the actual Buffett equation, but we understand the idea of simplification that Buffett’s formula achieves. Our formula includes free cash flow to the firm (free cash flow to equity shareholders, plus interest expenses), because interest expenses are volatile and hard to predict with accuracy over the long term. We adjust for this and escape another difficult assumption related to the market value of debt. We assume that the book value and market value of debt equal, therefore, we escape the difficult task of predicting either one with accuracy. By including interest to free cash flow, we eliminate two difficult assumptions.

Explain the significance of the scoring system:

Buffett Score: Wikiwealth uses Warren Buffett’s current stock portfolio as a benchmark to see whether new investments belong in that portfolio. The grade is simply a quantitative way to look at the data.

Valuation Analysis: Criteria & Score

Consistency?

This stands for the consistency of past financial results. The easiest way to predict future results is by looking at past results. If revenue grew by 4% each of the last 5 years, there’s a good chance it will grow at 4% next year. Consistent financial results demonstrate a stable operating environment for the business. Maybe the business is in the mature stage of growth.
What does a lack of consistency mean? Usually the opposite of what is mentioned above, but the lack of consistency can show additional problems like big acquisition, which dilute share value and disrupt operations and management focus. Acquisitions are a common part of business development, but large acquisition almost overwhelmingly destroys shareholder value, so avoid these scenarios.

CapEx % < Buffett Portfolio?

A low CapEx indicates that the business is probably mature and doesn’t require much investment to continue to grow. As indicated by Buffett’s portfolio, a low CapEx is favorable.

WC Investment % < Buffett Portfolio?

WC means working capital and this is the amount of additional short-term capital needed to run the business. A low, negative, or decreasing WC indicates that the company is run efficiently. The lower the better in most cases, but a company often needs more working capital as revenues grow, because they are dealing with more assets and liabilities on a day-to-day basis. The second threshold means, that if the WC is not below the average for Buffett’s portfolio, then the investment has a chance to score if the investment growth rate is below that of the revenue growth rate.

Free Cash Flow…Lots of cash is great.

Cash is the key to this valuation. They more cash a generates, the better. Most companies reinvests cash in their businesses in an effort to generate even more cash in the future. Invest a dollar today and get two dollars tomorrow.

Importance:

The overall importance of value is broken down into two main areas.
1. Consistency: 50% of the score relates to the consistency of the individual financial operations of the company.
2. Cash Flow: 50% of the score comes directly from the financial results that affect cash flow: capital expenditures, working capital, depreciation & amortization, and free cash flow.

Valuation Analysis: Score

The higher the better. A company gets points for exceeding the score of his current holdings.

Qualitative Analysis: Other Questions an Investor Must Ask

1) Is the business simple and understandable?
3) Does the business have favorable long term prospects?
2) Does the business have a consistent operating history?
4) Is management rational?
5) Is management candid with its shareholders?
A good investor must do their homework before making any investment.


What Is Warren Buffett's Investing Style?




If you want to emulate a classic value style, Warren Buffett is a great role model. Early in his career, Buffett said, "I'm 85% Benjamin Graham." Graham is the godfather of value investing and introduced the idea of intrinsic value - the underlying fair value of a stock based on its future earnings power. But there are a few things worth noting about Buffett's interpretation of value investing that may surprise you. (For more on Warren Buffett and his current holdings, check out Coattail Investor.)

TUTORIAL: Stock Picking Strategies

First, like many successful formulas, Buffett's looks simple. But simple does not mean easy. To guide him in his decisions, Buffett uses 12 investing tenets, or key considerations, which are categorized in the areas of business, management, financial measures and value (see detailed explanations below). Buffett's tenets may sound cliché and easy to understand, but they can be very difficult to execute. For example, one tenet asks if management is candid with shareholders. This is simple to ask and simple to understand, but it is not easy to answer. Conversely, there are interesting examples of the reverse: concepts that appear complex yet are easy to execute, such as economic value added (EVA). The full calculation of EVA is not easy to comprehend, and the explanation of EVA tends to be complex. But once you understand that EVA is a laundry list of adjustments - and once armed with the formula - it is fairly easy to calculate EVA for any company.

Second, the Buffett "way" can be viewed as a core, traditional style of investing that is open to adaptation. Even Hagstrom, who is a practicing Buffett disciple, or "Buffettologist," modified his own approach along the way to include technology stocks, a category Buffett conspicuously continues to avoid. One of the compelling aspects of Buffettology is its flexibility alongside its phenomenal success. If it were a religion, it would not be dogmatic but instead self-reflective and adaptive to the times. This is a good thing. Day traders may require rigid discipline and adherence to a formula (for example, as a means of controlling emotions), but it can be argued that successful investors ought to be willing to adapt their mental models to current environments. (It's not always bad to copy someone, especially when it's one of the greatest investors ever. Check out Emulate Buffett For Fun And Profit - Mostly Profit.)

Business
Buffett adamantly restricts himself to his "circle of competence" - businesses he can understand and analyze. As Hagstrom writes, investment success is not a matter of how much you know but rather how realistically you define what you don't know. Buffett considers this deep understanding of the operating business to be a prerequisite for a viable forecast of future business performance. After all, if you don't understand the business, how can you project performance? Buffett's business tenets each support the goal of producing a robust projection. First, analyze the business, not the market or the economy or investor sentiment. Next, look for a consistent operating history. Finally, use that data to ascertain whether the business has favorable long-term prospects.

Management
Buffett's three management tenets help evaluate management quality. This is perhaps the most difficult analytical task for an investor. Buffett asks, "Is management rational?" Specifically, is management wise when it comes to reinvesting (retaining) earnings or returning profits to shareholders as dividends? This is a profound question, because most research suggests that historically, as a group and on average, management tends to be greedy and retain a bit too much (profits), as it is naturally inclined to build empires and seek scale rather than utilize cash flow in a manner that would maximize shareholder value. Another tenet examines management's honesty with shareholders. That is, does it admit mistakes? Lastly, does management resist the institutional imperative? This tenet seeks out management teams that resist a "lust for activity" and the lemming-like duplication of competitor strategies and tactics. It is particularly worth savoring because it requires you to draw a fine line between many parameters (for example, between blind duplication of competitor strategy and outmaneuvering a company that is first to market).

Financial Measures
Buffett focuses on return on equity (ROE) rather than on earnings per share. Most finance students understand that ROE can be distorted by leverage (a debt-to-equity ratio) and therefore is theoretically inferior to some degree to the return-on-capital metric. Here, return-on-capital is more like return on assets (ROA) or return on capital employed (ROCE), where the numerator equals earnings produced for all capital providers and the denominator includes debt and equity contributed to the business. Buffett understands this, of course, but instead examines leverage separately, preferring low-leverage companies. He also looks for high profit margins.

His final two financial tenets share a theoretical foundation with EVA. First, Buffett looks at what he calls "owner's earnings," which is essentially cash flow available to shareholders, or technically, free cash flow to equity (FCFE). Buffett defines it as net income plus depreciation and amortization (for example, adding back non-cash charges) minus capital expenditures (CAPXminus additional working capital (W/C) needs. In summary, net income + D&A - CAPX - (change in W/C). Purists will argue the specific adjustments, but this equation is close enough to EVA before you deduct an equity charge for shareholders. Ultimately, with owners' earnings, Buffett looks at a company's ability to generate cash for shareholders, who are the residual owners.

Buffett also has a "one-dollar premise," which is based on the question: What is the market value of a dollar assigned to each dollar of retained earnings? This measure bears a strong resemblance tomarket value added (MVA), the ratio of market value to invested capital.

Value
Here, Buffett seeks to estimate a company's intrinsic value. A colleague summarized this well-regarded process as "bond math." Buffett projects the future owner's earnings, then discounts them back to the present. Keep in mind that if you've applied Buffett's other tenets, the projection of future earnings is, by definition, easier to do, because consistent historical earnings are easier to forecast.

Buffett also coined the term "moat," which has subsequently resurfaced in Morningstar's successful habit of favoring companies with a "wide economic moat." The moat is the "something that gives a company a clear advantage over others and protects it against incursions from the competition." In a bit of theoretical heresy perhaps available only to Buffett himself, he discounts projected earnings at the risk-free rate, claiming that the "margin of safety" in carefully applying his other tenets presupposes the minimization, if not the virtual elimination, of risk.

The Bottom Line
In essence, Buffett's tenets constitute a foundation in value investing, which may be open to adaptation and reinterpretation going forward. It is an open question as to the extent to which these tenets require modification in light of a future where consistent operating histories are harder to find, intangibles play a greater role in franchise value and the blurring of industries' boundaries makes deep business analysis more difficult. (If you appreciate the fundamentals of value investing, you'll want to study this: The Value Investor's Handbook.)

巴菲特:习惯成就财富

提起巴菲特,现在的人都用一种无比崇拜的口吻。巴菲特被美国人称为“除了父亲之外最值得尊敬的男人”。1930年出生的他,虽然已经是近80高龄的老人了,却一直活跃在最年轻的、也最具活力与激情的行业———金融。

沃伦·巴菲特出生于美国内布拉斯加州的奥马哈市,他从小就极具投资意识,他钟情于股票和数字的程度远远超过了家族中的任何人。有人说他“满肚子都是挣钱的道儿”。5岁时巴菲特就在家中摆地摊兜售口香糖;稍大后他带领小伙伴到球场捡大款用过的高尔夫球,然后转手倒卖,生意颇为红火。上中学时,除利用课余做报童外,他还与伙伴合伙将弹子球游戏机出租给理发店老板,挣取外快。

1950年,被哈佛大学拒之门外的巴菲特考入了哥伦比亚大学商学院,拜师于著名投资学理论学家本杰明·格雷厄姆门下。格雷厄姆反对投机,主张通过分析企业的赢利情况、资产情况及未来前景等因素来评价股票。他传授给巴菲特丰富的知识和诀窍。富有天才的巴菲特很快成了格雷厄姆的得意门生。

出师后的巴菲特果然展现了他天才般积累财富的能力。他赚钱的速度和数量令人憧憬,有人甚至说:“谁若选择了巴菲特,谁就坐上了发财的火箭”。

1957年,他掌管的资金达到30万美元,但仅至年末就已升至50万美元;1962年,巴菲特合伙人公司的资本达到了720万美元,其中有100万是属于巴菲特个人的;1964年,巴菲特的个人财富达到400万美元,而此时他掌管的资金已高达2200万美元;1967年10月,巴菲特掌管的资金达到6500万美元。

1968年5月,当股市一路凯歌的时候,巴菲特却隐退了。次年,一场股灾果然来袭。到1970年5月,每种股票都要比上年初下降50%,甚至更多。当别人垂头丧气之时,巴菲特却暗自欢喜,他财源滚滚的时候到了,因为他发现了太多的便宜股票。1972年,巴菲特盯上了报刊业,10年之后,他投入的1000万美元升值为两个亿;1980年,他用1.2亿美元、以每股10.96美元的单价,买进可口可乐7%的股份。到1985年,其股票单价已长至51.5美元,翻了5倍,巴菲特赚钱的数目让全世界的投资家咋舌。

对于巴菲特来说,“三要三不要”是他投资的重要理念。巴菲特指出,一要投资那些始终把股东利益放在首位的企业。巴菲特总是青睐那些经营稳健、讲究诚信、分红回报高的企业,以最大限度地避免股价波动,确保投资的保值和增值。二要投资资源垄断型行业。从巴菲特的投资构成来看,道路、桥梁、煤炭、电力等资源垄断型企业占了相当份额,独特的行业优势能确保效益的平稳。三要投资易了解、前景看好的企业。巴菲特认为凡是投资的股票必须是自己了如指掌,并且是具有较好行业前景的企业。不熟悉、前途莫测的企业即使被说得天花乱坠也毫不动心。

三个“不要”在某种意义上更为关键:不要贪婪,不要跟风,不要投机。看看巴菲特,1969年整个华尔街进入了投机的疯狂阶段,面对连创新高的股市,巴菲特却在手中股票涨到20%的时候就非常冷静地悉数全抛;2000年,全世界股市出现了所谓的网络概念股,巴菲特却称自己不懂高科技,没法投资,一年后全球出现了高科技网络股股灾。巴菲特常说,拥有一只股票,期待它下个早晨就上涨是十分愚蠢的。

巴菲特曾将他的致富归结为:“是习惯的力量”,没有了良好的投资习惯,一切财富将离我们远去。

巴菲特投资之道很简单 为什么我们却很难做到

[ 想要改变自己从短线投资到长期投资的失败,这通常是大象的责任,因为我们所希望获得的改变往往是牺牲短期的股价涨跌,以获得长期的价值增长。牛市过于高估卖出,可能短期少赚,却避免了长期大亏的风险。熊市过于低估买入,可能短期套牢,但是长期却会大赚 ]

巴菲特多次说过,投资其实很简单:

“投资其实很简单——买进一只好股票,不要轻易抛出,你只要等着股价上涨就好啦!行情下跌时不要过于恐慌,股市大涨时过于贪婪,就已赚到相当高的回报。”

“投资股票很简单。你所需要做的,就是以低于其内在价值的价格买入一家大企业的股票,同时确信这家企业拥有最正直和最能干的管理层。然后,你永远持有这些股票就可以了。”

我研究了十四年巴菲特,在央视讲过10期《学习巴菲特》节目,写了8本关于巴菲特的书,在全国各地多次演讲传播巴菲特,可是我却发现:尽管巴菲特投资业绩极为成功,投资策略很简单,易懂易学又易做,可是只有很少的人真正学巴菲特、真正做巴菲特。

实话实说,我本人学了这么多年巴菲特,很多方面也做不到,如同一个天天读“圣经”讲“圣经”的牧师一样长叹:我做不到上帝所说的万分之一!如同一个天天读圣贤书讲圣贤书的儒生一样长叹:我做到圣人所说的万分之一。

为什么我们明明知道,却就是做不到呢?就像我们下了决心要减肥,再也不吃肉,可是手已经伸出筷子把肉放到嘴里了。

这个问题困惑了我很久很久,最近看了一些心理学书籍,才稍有所悟:原来我们行动的不是驱动力量不是理性,而是感性。要想深度改变,情绪力量是关键,情绪上真正接受,才能逐步改变,习惯成自然。

一、人的大脑分为感性与理性两个系统,如同象与骑象人。
过去几十年来,心理学家研究发现,我们人的大脑并不是完全统一的一个系统,而是分成两个彼此之间相互独立的系统:一个是我们称为情绪的一面,是人类本能中的一部分,能够感知痛苦与压力;另一个是理性的一面,也称为反思性系统或者自觉性系统,用来考虑、分析并且展望未来的组成部分。

心理学家乔纳森·海特在《象与骑象人》(The Happiness Hypothesis)书中的比喻最为形象:情绪系统如同一只“大象”,理性系统则是这只大象的“骑象人”。这位骑象人坐在大象的背上,享有支配权,看上去像是大象的主宰者。但是事实上,这位骑象人的控制权却是一点也不稳固的。陆地上最重的动物大象体重6000公斤,相当于75个体重80公斤的骑象人。每当这只6吨重的大象不愿意按照他所指出的方向前进时,这位骑象人就会完全失去控制权,被大象彻底打败。

对我们绝大部分人来说,大象打败骑象人,在生活中早已习以为常。我们明知快要考试了,却还是看电视、上网、打游戏。我们明知需要减肥了,还是会大吃大喝暴饮暴食。不多说了,你懂的。

二、短线投机符合人类追求快速满足的本性,大象最终说了算。

可能你没有认真想过,我们在投资上也是如此。牛市疯狂到严重高估,但我们还是冲进去——快速赚一把再跑不迟。熊市暴跌严重低估,遍地都是便宜货,可是我们还是不愿买入——万一再跌一把呢?这正体现了我们身上情绪化并且本能的一面,也就是那只大象的弱点:它懒惰而且不沉稳,常常只看到眼前的得失(短期上涨或者下跌的可能性大)而忽略了长远的利害(过于高估的长期风险或过于低估的长期利益)。

想要改变自己从短线投资到长期投资的失败,这通常是大象的责任,因为我们所希望获得的改变往往是牺牲短期的股价涨跌,以获得长期的价值增长。牛市过于高估卖出,可能短期少赚,却避免了长期大亏的风险。熊市过于低估买入,可能短期套牢,但是长期却会大赚。骑象人虽然看到长期投资的好处,却没有真正说服大象放弃短期的得失,真正愿意追求长期的回报,并在投资路上坚持走下去,走得足够长远一直到达目的地。大象的力量是追求立刻获得满足,正如巴菲特所说:“人们宁愿得到一张下周可能中大奖的彩票,也不愿意抓住一个能够慢慢致富的好机会。”

巴菲特的导师“证券分析之父”格雷厄姆直言投资心理最重要:“我们将十分注重投资者的心理层面。事实上,投资者的主要问题——或其最大的敌人——很可能就是自己(亲爱的投资者,问题不在于我们的命运——也不在于我们的股票——而在于我们自己)。”

巴菲特也告诉我们投资时智商不重要情商更重要:“如果你的智商超过125,那么投资成功与否与你的智商水平没有多大关系,如果你的智商一般,那么你需要对自己的欲望有相当强的自控能力,强烈的投资欲望可能使你血本无归。”

三、不但要理性上认可还要感性上接受长期投资——有爱才能长期坚持习惯成自然。

骑象人的力量相反,能够超越眼前一时涨跌,思考长远的利益,为了长期的回报进行规划。可是骑象人却有一个致命的弱点,就只会说不会做,能够看得长远却一步也走不了。大象才拥有巨大的行动力量。

不管任何情况,大象才是让事情最终得以实现的力量。朝着一个目标前进,不管这个目标是短期投机还是长期投资,都需要来自这只大象的行动力。而这正是骑象人最大的缺点:他只会在原地踏步。骑象人趋向于进行过度分析,想得太多却没有任何行动。有的人想了一个女生好几年,却一句话也不敢说;有的人逛街或者上网找了几个小时,却一个东西也没有下单买。

而且大象并非永远都是“坏孩子”。大象的力量也就是有些情绪和本能极为重要,比如我们对亲人和孩子充满爱、怜悯、同情心以及忠诚,我们总是能够超过短期得失,为家人的长远利益作出短期的牺牲。

如果我们不是把股票看作彩票,也不只是一张交易凭证,而愿意入股做一家优秀公司的长期合伙人,追求长期回报最大化,这时我们才会像巴菲特一样进行价值投资,在熊市或者公司遇到暂时性挫折而过于低估时,勇敢地逆势买入并长期持有——这完全是那只大象的力量。

长期投资并不需要成为超人,没有感情的冷血动物,相反需要你是一个充满感情的凡人。你深爱你的妻子孩子,才不会因为一时的冲突而分手。你深爱你的房子,才不会因为一时的价格涨跌而出手。巴菲特重仓买入的前提是他深爱这家公司的产品。

我们要从短线投机彻底转为长期价值投资,不能只强调理性投资的思考,而必须下很大功夫培养自己在感性方面接纳长期投资和价值投资。

基于理性的投资知识可以很快学会,但基于感性的投资习惯只能慢慢培养。正如巴菲特所说:“成功的投资生涯不需要天才般的智商、非比寻常的经济眼光,或是内幕消息,需要的只是在做出投资决策时的正确思考框架,以及避免情绪失控保持理性思考的定力。格雷厄姆在《聪明的投资者》一书中清晰而明确地告诉我们正确的投资决策思考框架,但投资成功的另一个要素——情绪定力则需要你自己来培养。”

不但要知道,还要做到,而且长期做到。真正实践巴菲特的价值投资人,就像真正长期坚持合理饮食适度锻炼的人一样,难的不是如何学习,而是如何习惯成自然。

Friday, March 29, 2013

沃尔特·施洛斯的《经验》之谈

Walter Schloss沃尔特•施洛斯,其实他在美国也是极为重要的价值投资者,论资排辈他才是本杰明•格雷厄姆的大弟子:

沃尔特•施洛斯的经验告诉我们,即使你宅在家里或办公室里看资料,不去调研,不和管理层交流,也可以做个很好的投资者!业绩还挺不错,年度复合回报率有20%,10年6倍多!

沃伦•巴菲特称为“超级投资者”之一的沃尔特•施洛斯91岁了,仍然选择冷门股。

沃尔特•施洛斯已经历了17个经济衰退,起始于伍德罗•威尔逊当总统的时候。这个老派的价值投资者,通过这些危机赚了很多钱。未来的经济会怎样?他并不担心。(译者注:最近法国奥朗德战胜萨科奇当选新任法国总统,这哥们反对经济紧缩政策,和德国的默克尔分歧明显,看来欧洲债务危机要雪上加霜了,加印钞票的可能很大。欧美及全球股市已经吓的屁滚尿流,趋势投资者又要琢磨忙乎了。欧洲债务危机如何结束?巴菲特说:“不知道。”)

他曾是价值投资开拓者本杰明•格雷厄姆旗下的雇员,他的朋友沃伦•巴菲特称他为“超级投资者”,91岁的施洛斯宁愿谈论他自己的交易,类似陷入困境的汽车轮毂制造商或陷入财务困境的家具供应商。

施洛斯是个有着浓密眉毛的慈祥的长辈,他那种悠闲的方式是赚快钱的投机者无法理解的。他从来没有拥有过一台电脑,他从早晨的报纸获得报价。他的财务信息主要来自公司的报告,通过邮递或从价值线公司来的二手文本。(译者注:价值线公司是美国的股票信息服务商)

他热爱这个游戏。他在2003年停止管理别人的钱,在过去50年里,作为一个独立的投资经理他的年复合回报率为16%,这是扣除了全部费用的,相比标普500指数10%的回报率。他现在以无比的热忱管理着自己的数以百万计的组合。在计算机模型声称可以确定量化“神秘可怕的”风险的年代,让我们听听施洛斯谈他的简单朴素的投资方法。

“好吧,看看这个,”他明快的说到,同时扫视着报纸,“一张最差表现股票的名单。”

在他离开格雷厄姆独自管钱的时期,他实际可以算对冲基金。他收取盈利的25%,不收基础管理费。他运作的投资公司没有研究助手,甚至没有打杂的。他和他儿子埃德温(Edwin,1973年加入)在一个单间工作,仔细阅读价值线的图表和表格。

巴菲特1984年在哥伦比亚大学的著名演讲“格雷厄姆-多德都市的超级投资者们”中,说施洛斯是反驳市场有效理论的活生生的例子。市场有效学说声称打折的股票不存在,或人们几乎难以发现。当问到他怎么想别人称他为超级投资者,施洛斯反驳说:“我只是不想输钱而已。”

他有着大萧条时代的节俭。他的妻子,安娜,开玩笑说他跟着她屁股后面关灯以节省电费。他会向访客展示他从信封上取下未盖章邮票的技巧。那些他钟爱的价值线表格来自他58岁儿子掏钱购买的订阅。施洛斯说“我还掏啥钱?”

在亚当•史密斯经典书《超级金钱》(1972年)中,施洛斯的“烟蒂”股票投资法让作者大为惊奇,比如Jeddo Highland煤矿公司和纽约Trap Rock公司。施洛斯被描述的很谦逊,“我并不非常聪明。”,他没有上大学,1930年在华尔街从当邮差开始。今天,他坐在曼哈顿的公寓里,照料他自己的资本和享受简单的愉悦。“看看那只鹰!”他看着中央公园上空那舒展的翅膀。

一个案例可以展示施洛斯的选股方法。轮毂制造商“卓越实业国际公司”,3/4的销售收入来自通用汽车和福特汽车。利润已经下降了5年。施洛斯从茶几上拿起一本价值线的小册子,用手指指出一串数字,他看上的指标是:股票以净资产的8折交易,3%的股息回报率,没有债务。“很多人说,‘明年能赚钱吗?’我关注的是资产。然后没有债务,那些资产总值些钱。”(译者注:SUP卓越实业国际公司2008年初的股价是18美元左右,美国金融危机后,2011年到过25美元高位,现在股价为17元左右。)

施洛斯挑选那些以净资产打折价交易的公司,并且没有或者很少债务,管理层有足够的公司股票,使得他们有动力去从股东的角度做正确的事情。如果他看上了,他会买少量,并让公司把财报送来。他阅读这些文件,特别关注脚注。他想从这些数字里面弄明白的一个问题是:管理层是否坦诚(不是太贪婪?),对于他来说比聪明更重要。那些运作霍林格国际的家伙挺聪明但是很贪婪---显然不利于投资者。(译者注:世界第三大报业集团霍林格国际公司(Hollinger International)前CEO布莱克和几名前高级主管被指控挪用公司610万美元,作为自己的非法红利。)

施洛斯从未声称自己熟悉企业的具体运营,而且几乎不与公司的管理层交流。他也不考虑时机的选择--比如是不是买到底部?或者卖到高位?--也不搞趋势分析。他不考虑宏观经济。他通常从上午9:30工作到下午4:30,在纽约交易所收市后只是多干半小时。

施洛斯依旧经常翻阅他珍视的1934年版本的格雷厄姆的《证券分析》。这本书被3条胶带绑在一起。在他的公寓客厅对面的小房间,墙上挂着几幅巴菲特的搞笑图片(奥马哈的圣人和丰满的啦啦队员或成堆的伯克希尔纳税申报单站一起),下面潦草的签名是施洛斯旧日的昵称“大沃”。

施洛斯第一次遇到著名价值猎手巴菲特是在马歇尔-威尔斯批发公司的年会上。未来的亿万富翁巴菲特去那里的理由和施洛斯一样:股票以净营运资本的折扣价交易(净营运资本:现金、库存和应收账款减去流动负债)。这个指标是格雷厄姆-纽曼公司最喜欢的衡量公司价值的手段。巴菲特在马歇尔-威尔斯公司的年会后来到格雷厄姆-纽曼公司,在纽约东42大街的Chanin大厦,与施洛斯共享办公室。

施洛斯1955年离开格雷厄姆的公司,带着从19个投资者那里募集的10万美元开始了自己的买卖,投资比如mattressmaker Burton-Dixie公司和liquor wholesaler Schenley Industries公司。后来成功吸引到92个投资者。但是施洛斯从不推销他的基金或者开启第二只,他通过把实现的利润返还给投资者保持规模在可控的范围内,除非他们告诉他用利润再投资。

标普指数在1960年上升了0.5个百分点,包括股息。施洛斯的扣除费用后的回报率是7%。一个成功的案例:Fownes Brothers公司,制造手套的,2美元买入,低于每股营运资本,15美元卖出。在20世纪80年代和90年代,他也发现了大牛股。由于库存和应收款已变得不那么重要,他的策略转向股价低于帐面价值的公司。但交易节奏已经有所上升。他经常发现自己购买的股票,买入后还会跌很久,或者卖出太早。他1994年在雷曼兄弟上市不久后买入,价格低于净资产,很快赚了75%卖出。后来雷曼兄弟公司的股票涨到买价的三倍。

当然,他很多交易做的也很准。他2000年市场崩溃前卖空了雅虎和亚马逊公司,并获利了结。然后,因为找不到便宜货,他和他儿子清偿了投资者的钱,返还了投资者1.3亿美元。施洛斯2000-2001分别取得了28%和12%的回报率,相对的标普指数回报率为-9%和-12%。(译者注:卖空......需要极为强大的心脏)

现在标普指数从头部回落了15%,但是施洛斯说他还是没看到安全边际。他有30%的现金。如果衰退来临,不会改变太多。“市场里有太多人拿着太多钱,而且他们都读过格雷厄姆!”他说。(译者注:价值投资者太多,傻瓜不够用了:-)

尽管如此,他也找到少量便宜的股票,在某些时候有上升的潜力。他的观察名单上(见表)的CNA金融,股价是净资产打9折,年中已下跌了18%。这家保险公司有小量债务,实际控制人是亿万富翁Tisch家族,拥有投票权股份的89%。他说,如果变得更便宜会买。 “我不能说人们靠此致富,但我更愿意安全边际大些,总比后悔好,”他说。“如果股价继续下跌,我不会担心。让Tisches去操心吧。”

施洛斯快速翻动价值线的资料,停在885页: Bassett家具受到糟糕的房地产市场的打击。这家制造桌椅的公司以净资产的6折交易,还有80美分的分红,丰厚的7%的股息回报率。施洛斯抱怨说:净资产已经多年没有上升了,而且分红下降的可能很大。

他的买入理由:会在公司减少分红时考虑买入。那时Bassett家具公司会更便宜,当然以后这家公司还是复苏的。(译者注: Bassett家具在施洛斯观察名单时,2008年初股价是11美元左右,2009年3月股价一度跌到0.8美元/股左右,对,你没看错跌去了90%多!2012年5月9日最新的股价是10.54美元,是当时低点的12.88倍!--仅股价变动,未计算分红。所以价值投资可不是那么好做的。)

假如他等久点再买入那家轮毂制造商“卓越实业国际公司”该多好?他买入2年后,股价跌掉了1/3。但是这位超级投资者,已经见过太多这样的下跌,他乐观的确信这家公司起码值个净资产价。“这个价你赔的了多少?”他反问道。

沃尔特.施洛斯:价值投资的本质

沃尔特·施洛斯(Walter Schloss)兼具格雷厄姆清教徒式的分析方式和巴菲特式的作风。施洛斯有一本1934 年版的格雷厄姆的《证券分析》,这是他投资的圣经。他在书的封面写下以下几句话:“格雷厄姆关心的是如何控制自身投资的风险,他不想赔钱。人们不记得以前发生了什么,事情发生时的具体情形,以及事情是怎么发生的。这也是人们在投资中经常犯的一个错误。”
  
施洛斯提到巴菲特时说,“他了解企业业务,我不了解。我们购买投资企业时,其实对企业的业务模式不是十分的精通。”在描绘巴菲特购买股票的原则时,施洛斯讲述了巴菲特购买ABC 股票时有意思的故事。卖方报出了29 美元的价位,巴菲特拒绝并且提出28 美元的买入价格。卖方拒绝了,但第二天又打来电话给出28 美元的价格,这次巴菲特拒绝了,并给出27美元的价格,卖方拒绝了,但是后来又打回电话同意了27 美元,但巴菲特又要求26 美元,最终他们达成的价格是26 美元。
  
施洛斯极度节俭,这种心态是利于客户的。他的妻子安娜开玩笑说,为了省钱他在家里跟着她,以便随时关灯。如果耐心请教他,他会教你如何从使用过的信封上去掉邮票。价值数据表来自于他儿子,而他儿子在基金中也有股份。于是施洛斯会说:“我为什么要付钱?”
他建议在运作投资基金时,一定要诚实,这有助于基金经理做得更好。在他的合伙制基金中他从未披露他的持股情况,而只向投资者提供季度报表,一个审计收益表和一封给合作伙伴的信,他说:“我们通过艰辛的工作寻找到可以投资的股票,因此不想随意向公众公开,因为这对我们的投资合作伙伴是不公平的。”他在经营自身的合伙制基金时,几乎不需要支出管理费用,施洛斯的办公室通常被巴菲特称为是一个“壁橱”。他与儿子共用一个电话,而且只需支付很少的办公租金。

16 个赚钱因素
施洛斯认为,投资者应该使用一种能够使他们安稳睡觉的投资哲学。无论选择了哪种投资哲学,投资者接下来都必须严格遵循他们选择的理念。长期坚持,并且随着经验的积累使得该投资理念逐渐变得更加明晰,经过多年的积累最终会收获良好的效果。在不好的市场年景里,投资者依然需要对自己的投资理念抱有信心。
  
沃尔特·施洛斯有自己的16 个投资经验,他所认为的在股市中赚钱的因素为:
1、相对于价值来说,价格是最重要的因素。
2、用心建立公司价值的概念,记得股份代表了一个企业的一部分,不只是一张纸。
3、以账面价值为出发点确定企业的价值,要确保公司的债务不大于股权价值。
4、有耐心些,股市不会马上上涨。
5、不要因为消息或股价突然上涨而买入,如果专业人士可以这样做,就让他们去做吧。不要因为坏消息而卖出。
6、不要害怕孤独,但必须确信你的判断是正确的。虽然你不能百分百的肯定,但要努力寻找你判断的弱点。在股价下降后买入,在上涨一定程度后卖出。
7、一旦你做出了决定,要敢于相信自己。
8、树立自己的投资理念,并努力遵循它。这正是我找到的成功之路。
9、不要太急于卖出。如果股票价格达到你所认为是合理的水平,那么你可以卖,但人们往往因为股票上涨50%而卖掉它,将卖出与否和盈利关联。卖出前重新评估该公司的价值,对照其账面价值看是否需要出售股票。
10、当买入股票时,我发现在最近几年的低点买入是很有用的。
11、按照资产净值的折扣价买入,这比以企业盈利为标准买入更靠谱一些。
12、听从你所尊重的人的建议。这并不意味着你要接受它们。记住钱是你自己的,一般来说,保存财富比挣钱更难。一旦你失去了很多钱,这将很难挣回来。
13、尽量不要让你的情绪影响你的判断。买入和卖出股票,恐惧和贪婪可能是影响它们的最糟糕的情绪。
14、记住复利的魔力。
15、喜欢股票而不是债券。债券将限制你的收益,通货膨胀会降低你的购买力。
16、小心杠杆。它可能对你不利。

这些听起来简单,但在实践中很难,因为人们总是难以控制自己的情绪。
  
细节选股
在工作时,施洛斯会利用价值数据库,找出自己喜欢的股票:交易价格是账面价值的80%,股息收益率超过3%,没有债务。“大多数人会在意,‘公司明年的盈利会怎么样呢?’如果股票的定价是合理的,我不太在乎收益,而把重点放在公司资产上。如果公司没有大量的债务,那符合条件的公司的股票价格就是合理的。”市场总会提供一些低估的证券,但寻找它们的最好时机是当市场充满恐慌的时候。施洛斯阐述:“我会建议投资者对买入的股票持谨慎的态度。我不喜欢债务。我通常寻找陷入困境中的公司,股市不喜欢面临困境的公司。然而,你必须有足够的勇气和信念去购买这样的股票,因为它会为你的投资带来截然不同的结果。
  
施洛斯筛选股票的标准是,交易价格相对于公司的账面价值有着折扣,没有或只有很少的债务,管理层持有一定数量的自身公司的股票,这样可以使他们做出有利于股东的经营决策。如果他寻找到了他所喜欢的,他会买入一点并打电话给公司要财务报表。他仔细阅读,并会特别注意脚注部分。他试图从数字中找出一些问题的答案:管理层是诚实的吗?他们不会过于贪婪吧?他认为管理层贪婪与否比是否聪明更重要。他不会私下去了解公司的经营运作,也几乎从来不会与管理层见面会谈。他不会对投资时机和市场趋势考虑很多,比如我买入的是低点吗?卖出的是高点吗?他也不会浪费时间去思考宏观经济形势。
  
施洛斯喜欢去了解他所投资的公司不引人注目的地方,“你应该去感知一家公司,它的历史、背景、所有权关系,它做什么,它的业务,股息支付政策,以及它的盈利点在哪里。你只需要对一家公司有一个一般的感觉。你永远不可能完全认识一家公司,除非它成为你自己的公司。”他的投资线索完全依赖于公共信息,他避免与管理层进行会谈,除非他们正好就在附近。施洛斯的儿子埃德温说,“如果需要与管理层会谈,那么我们会在全国一直跑来跑去,这会耗去我们绝大部分的精力。只有在其会议室离我们20公里的半径内,我们才会去和管理层会谈。”
  
有时,他也会将自己的投资知识进行反向运用,特别是对估值极高的行业领域,比如在互联网泡沫时期,在市场大幅下挫之前,他卖空了雅虎和亚马逊公司。在2000 年和2001 年,市场大幅下挫,标准普尔500 指数的收益为-9%-12%,而他的基金的收益为28%12%
  
在本次美国房地产危机前,施洛斯通过翻阅价值数据手册找到巴塞特(Bassett),由于糟糕的住房市场,这家家具公司的股价被严重压制了。其股票以账面价值的40%的折扣价格交易,并且有着7%的股息收益率。施洛斯当时指出该公司账面价值已经多年没有增长了,其股息分配政策可能已经受到威胁。他的建议是,如果该公司削减其股息,投资者可以考虑购买,因为在削减股息时股价会变得更便宜,但它最终可能会恢复。随后,该公司的确开始削减自身的股息,从20 美分至10 美分,然后在2008 年底变为零。到2009 年初,其股票的交易价格低于1 美元。施洛斯的投资建议是正确的:现在其股价恢复到了8 美元。

施洛斯从来没有改变过他的投资理念,他期待着买入暂时遇到困难的知名的公司,或者没有债务负担的小盘股,并且其交易价格低于账面价值。在投资市场上60 多年的投资经历,期间走过了17 个经济衰退期,施洛斯已经有很好的投资直觉。在投资中,他只是不希望有任何损失,他已经做到了格雷厄姆所说的在投资中消除情绪。市场先生是有情绪的,但格雷厄姆式的价值投资者不会在意市场情绪,他们只是按照严格的价值投资纪律买入和卖出证券。施洛斯在他的整个职业生涯中都近乎是处于全仓投资,相比持有现金、黄金和存款,他更相信公司股票的保值能力。他曾经说过:“我在持有股票时比我持有现金时睡得好!”公司股票是他最喜欢的货币。
  
沃尔特·施洛斯兼具格雷厄姆清教徒式的分析方式和巴菲特式的作风,他创造了40年杰出的操作业绩纪录。1955 年施洛斯离开格雷厄姆-纽曼公司,建立他自己的投资伙伴公司。截至1984 年的28 年里,他为投资者赢得了年均16.1%的收益率,同期的标准普尔指数包含股息在内的收益率为年均8.4%。到1997 年为止,施洛斯的基金复合年利率为20%,而同期市场则为11%

沃尔特·施洛斯(Walter Schloss)精彩问答:
1、你和巴菲特等人都曾师从Ben Graham,今天你们也成为非常成功的投资人,你们的共同点是什么?
Walter Schloss:都不抽烟,呵呵。我想我们都很理性(rational),即使在非常不利的情况下,我们也不会很情绪化。当然,巴菲特是这方面做得更极致些。而且我们都很诚实,我们知道有些人赚了很多钱,但别人并不愿意投钱给他们,因为他们人品有问题。

2Tweedy Browne 偏定量,而巴菲特偏定性,你呢?
Walter Schloss:我不是很擅长判断“人”,我更喜欢跟数字打交道,除非上市公司离得很近,否则我不会去调研。我会从公司是否愿意分红,来判断管理层是否为股东利益着想。因为我们很“小”,所以我们不会去约见管理层,除非你是富达(Fidelity),否则他们怎么会听你的呢?在基金规模小的情况下,还是同数字打交道更容易些。

3、买卖原则?
Walter Schloss:不要着急卖。如果股价已经到了你认为合理的价格,那你卖掉可以。但如果因为已经涨了50%,别人劝你要锁定利润,你不要急着卖。至少卖之前要重新评估一下公司,要考虑当时市场的情绪(点位)是否对股价构成影响,人们是不是特别乐观?买股票时,根据我个人经验,买在过去几年的历史低点总归会有好处。你看到股价从125 跌倒60,你认为有吸引力了,但可能三年前低至20,这说明这公司股价确实很脆弱。

4、你自己经历了很多次经济衰退(18 次),还包括二战后的市场,历史在重复,还是你也在改变?
Walter Schloss:市场呈现两极分化,一方面有些股票跌去50-60%,而有些股票创了新高。人们总喜欢买入表现很好的公司,而不喜欢那些表现糟糕的公司。有些人也许在想,如果我现在卖掉这些差的公司,还可以抵消一些要缴纳的盈利税,不得不承认很多人为了各种各样的原因卖股票,所以股价总是会比“应该”跌得更多。以前的价值投资我们会买入股价跌到“流动资本以下”的公司,但现在这一条很难适用。现在的原则是买入股价被“打压”的公司,股价在历史低位(而不是创新高)的公司。当然我们得弄明白,其他投资者为什么不喜欢它们,是因为没有业绩,还是因为季报比市场预期低了一点点,我们愿意与市场不同,因为我们不认为一个季度表现很重要。

5、你的投资很分散 
Walter Schloss:巴菲特曾说我这样做是为愚蠢进行对冲,我告诉他我们不会对公司盈利进行预测,而我们买入的又是些二线公司,我知道这里面一定能出来不错的公司,但我并不知道是哪个,所以只能每个先买点。一定要买,哪怕只有一点点,这样你才会记住它。遇到真正喜欢的公司,随着股价下跌,还会继续买。

6、很多人由于贪婪,撑不了你这么久,你的秘诀?
Walter Schloss很多人本不应该来这个市场,由于贪婪,才有他们的出现。我们有自己的潜在买入名单,当这个名单由50 只减少到3 只,我知道市场很危险了,也没有那么便宜了,于是是时候彻底撤出了。再说市场几十年前哪有那么多CFA......

7、给年轻人忠告 
Walter Schloss:对自己要坦诚,不要让情绪左右你的判断,要明确自己这辈子要什么,不要因为华尔街赚钱就做这行。要与受人尊敬的人和好人打交道。

巴菲特:危机中我不会睡不着

巴菲特的道理浅显的如同一杯白水,可是真正能40年如一日和他共享这杯水的人,却没几个。其实,巴菲特的定力并非来自超人的智慧和胆识,而是他对价值投资带有一种绝对崇敬的信仰。这种信仰已经超越了巴菲特对金钱的追求,他一生的投资生涯与其说是追逐财富,还不如说是在为价值投资到底灵不灵求解。他名下数百亿美元的资产只不过是破解这个问题的副产品,是组成这个答案的一部分。

无论什么时间,股神巴菲特都能成为世界关注的焦点,他的一举一动被不少投资者当做判断大势的依据,最近,他旗下的伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司召开一场股东大会,有3.5万名投资人参加。人们不远万里从世界各地聚集到一起,就是为了得到一次直接面对巴菲特的机会。我们栏目记者付豫受巴菲特邀请,走进了著名的小镇奥马哈。记者:“我现在是在美国内布拉斯加州的小镇奥马哈,每年母亲节的前一个星期六,都会有来自世界各地的人来到这个小镇,他们怀着一种朝圣的心理来到这里,是为了一个人:沃伦·巴菲特”

汇添富基金管理公司首席投资理财师刘建位:“我们公司一直遵循价值投资原则,今天看到有三万多人来参加这个盛会,我觉得非常震撼,也坚定了价值投资的信心。”

国际投资大师沃伦·巴菲特:“中国有一个很棒的未来,中国的发展,就像一个人的成长和释放出潜能,中国正在的成长,还会不断地更加成长,它只是刚刚开始。”

沃伦·巴菲特:“美国的经济在这里是一个很重要的主题,也引起了美国总统的关注,美国的每个公民都密切关注着这个问题,这就是最主要的话题,在美国想把负债摆脱掉,所以政府要去杠杆化,当人们开始存更多的钱,花得更少,所以美国政府要推动经济不停推动,扮演着一个很大的角色,现在经济根本的慢了下来,经济是个很大的问题,大量发行货币会有助于推动经济复苏,但是长期来说有一个通货膨胀的危险。我们在美国有一个说法是,没有免费的午餐,每件事都有它的后果。”

2008年,也许是巴菲特投资史上最戏剧化的一个年头。2007年12月11日,伯克希尔股价最高达到了151650美元,换算成人民币每股超过 103万元,与巴菲特最初接管公司时的18美元股价相比,最高上涨了8425倍。2008年3月5日巴菲特以620亿美元财富,把他的好朋友,屡次在财富排名上胜他一筹的比尔盖茨请下世界首富宝座,取而代之。而就在这一年九月份,以雷曼兄弟破产为标志的一系列事件把人们对经济危机的恐慌推向顶峰,巴菲特在他写给股东的公开信中,这样来描述他感受到的惨景:

各种类型的投资者都既困惑又遍体鳞伤,仿佛是闯入了羽毛球比赛现场的小鸟,社会上的流行语变得像我年幼时在一家餐馆墙壁上看到的标语:“我们只相信上帝,其余人等请付现金。”

沃伦·巴菲特:“我写这篇文章的时候,说了并不知道股票会怎么样,不知今年会怎么样,但是我保证在十年以后的十月份,投资股票会比投资国债有更好的回报。”

记者:“中国有句老话,‘明知山有虎,偏向虎山行’那么回顾过去的六个月,您是否对情势有些误判,因而‘偏向虎山行’呢?”

沃伦·巴菲特:“美国的历史大概有两百年,我们可能有了十五个金融危机,在19世纪有了六个衰退,当时称其为衰退,现在叫作恐慌,但他们其实就是会不时的发生,不等于是一个没有止境的无底洞,在每个世纪里都有一些不景气的年头,但是好年份多余坏年份,这个国家才会不停前进,我认为在中国和美国都是这样的。”

巴菲特如何评价自己的2008?
在我们的镜头前,巴菲特一如既往地对美国经济的未来充满信心,这也正是他在危机前高调呼吁买入股票的原因。正如他常常强调的那样,别人恐惧时我贪婪,别人贪婪时我恐惧。但无论如何,投资失利,公司价值缩水这是不争的事实,因此,有不少人说,股神这回终于走下神坛。那么巴菲特自己又是如何评价自己的 2008的呢?巴菲特坦率地承认,2008年,是从他1965年开始管理伯克希尔公司至今的44年间业绩最差的一年。在他写给股东的公开信中,我们不止一处看到他的自嘲:

“我还犯了一些疏忽大意的错,当新情况出现时,我本应三思自己的想法、然后迅速采取行动,但我却只知道咬着大拇指发愣。”面对115亿美元的市值缩水,巴菲特到底是不是输家?在我们得到他的回答之前,先让我们一起来看看这位七十八岁的长者,四十多年来与市场漫长较量的结果。巴菲特执掌伯克希尔哈撒韦公司至今已有44年,这44年里,巴菲特只亏损过两年,2001年亏损6.2%,加上这次2008年亏损9.6%,其余 42年全部盈利。而2008年,美国标准普尔500指数下跌37%,这说明,巴菲特亏损了9.6%,却以27.4%的优势大幅战胜市场。再和中国股市相比,根据银河证券基金研究中心统计,2008年沪深300 指数下跌66%,中国股票型基金的平均年收益率为亏损50.63%,表现最好的基金冠军年收益率为亏损31.61%,相比而言,巴菲特亏损9.6%的业绩,远远跑赢中国所有的基金。

沃伦·巴菲特:“随着时间的推移,长期来说,我们还是会做得很好,我们不可能每个小时,每一天,每个星期,做得很好,可以赚钱,但是我们放眼十年十五年或者二十年,这是我们希望看到的,我们会应该会做得很好。我们想别人买我们公司的股票,就是余生都拥有。就像你买一个农场或者公寓,或者你住的房子,我们长期以来是吸引这样的投资者,有一个很长的眼光。”

沃伦·巴菲特:“我现在都睡得很香,睡眠一点也没问题。”

在巴菲特眼中,投资的准则会不会因金融危机而改变?

价值投资是巴菲特一生实践和倡导的投资理论,他也因此而创造的巨额财富。巴菲特先生这样来概括价值投资理念的精髓:“在价值投资中间,你不再买的是一个股份,而是生意的一部分,你买的公司的意义,不是为了在下个星期,下一个月或者下一年年卖掉它们,而是你要成为它们的拥有者,利用这个好的商业模式将来帮你挣钱。”

巴菲特一直在强调长期价值投资的思路,但是,这一次经济危机让巴菲特的价值投资理念遭到了空前的质疑,一些优质公司的股价一下子回到了十几年前的水平,以可口可乐为例,经济危机发生以后,2009年5月1日,可口可乐的公司的股价为一股42,47美元,但是经过复权计算,它在1998年11月23日的股价高达60.94美元,也就是说,一个十年前购买了可口可乐公司股票的人,直到现在还依然出于亏损状态。经济危机的冲击一些投资者产生了巨大的怀疑,在经济遭受巨大损失的时候,似乎没有公司能成为真正的避风港,如果一个经济周期会使一个好公司的股价瞬间回到十多年前的水平,那么谁还应该长期持有股票?对此,巴菲特先生是怎么解释的呢。

沃伦·巴菲特:“太多的人买股票,其实上升很高了才买,其实是股票跌了很多再去买。人们大部分在错误的时间很兴奋。”

而巴菲特先生所指的买入时间,就是他一直以来严格遵循的安全边际。为了等待一个好公司足够低廉的股票价格,巴菲特甚至屡次错过他了投资沃尔玛的投资机会,但是如果不是如此高度的控制力和谨慎,也不会有今天的巴菲特。

可是,当看到手中股票在危机中,价格屡屡被腰斩,一个普通的投资者,怎么能够气定神闲,而等到价格如火箭般不断翻番,谁又能不为所动不去跟风呢。其实2007年,11月,我们第一次采访巴菲特时,他就告诉过我们实践这个方法最需要具备的素质。

沃伦·巴菲特:“有时候,我说简单但是不容易,不需要巨大的智慧,一般的智慧就可以,但很多时候需要一种稳定的情感和态度,赚钱不是明天或者下个星期的问题,而是你是买一种五年或十年的时候能够升值的东西,不难去描述,有些人发现真得做的时候很难做到,很多人希望很快发财致富,我不懂怎样才能尽快赚钱,我只知道随着时日增长赚到钱。”

今天,当很多人困惑于学习这种定力与态度的时候,巴菲特先生用了更为简炼朴实的概念再一次告诉我们:“我遵循所有的规则,所有的人都可以做到,它其实必不需要什么天赋,它只需要你有坚持不懈的精神。”

在我们准备转入下一个个话题时,巴菲特先生非常认真的要求,他要给所有正在实践价值投资的人们一个忠告。“我觉得长期价值投资者不应该动摇他们信仰,没有理由在美国,中国或者大部分其他国家,因为某一年有一个衰退就变化,你很年轻,在你一生会见到很多衰退,总是会发生的,但是,最终,在十年后,二十年后,比现在活得会更好,你自己,你的孩子,你的孩子的孩子也是如此,你不会有一个直上的路径是往上的,但是长期的是往上的。 ”

巴菲特为什么是巴菲特?
全世界炒股的人不计其数,大家公认的股神却只有巴菲特一个。但从他的嘴中,我们从来没有听到过一个神奇的字眼,全是踏踏实实的大白话。无论是在热火朝天的2007年,寒风萧瑟的2008年,还是在前景并不明朗的2009年上半年,这位老人不断重复的就是两个字,价值。当股市泡沫泛起的时候,股票的价值并不因股价翻番而增加,而当股市跳水的时候,股票的价值也不会因市值缩水而减少。所以,他才能在看重了40多年之后,依然能够气定神闲。

巴菲特的道理浅显的如同一杯白水,可是真正能40年如一日和他共享这杯水的人,却没几个。其实,巴菲特的定力并非来自超人的智慧和胆识,而是他对价值投资带有一种绝对崇敬的信仰。这种信仰已经超越了巴菲特对金钱的追求,他一生的投资生涯与其说是追逐财富,还不如说是在为价值投资到底灵不灵求解。他名下数百亿美元的资产只不过是破解这个问题的副产品,是组成这个答案的一部分。

这样的信仰不是每个人能拥有,这样的境界不是每个人能达到,所以巴菲特才是巴菲特。